Equivalence class (4994 bytes)
1: ...valence relation]] ~ on ''X'', the '''equivalence class''' of an element ''a'' in ''X'' is the [[subset]]...
4: ...ed) as the act of "dividing" the input set by the equivalence relation, hence both the name "quotient", and the...
9: ... the same color", then one particular equivalence class consists of all green cars. ''X'' / ~ could be na...
10: ...is relation gives rise to exactly two equivalence classes: [0] consisting of all even numbers, and [1] co...
11: ...gers (''a'',''b'') with ''b'' not zero, where the equivalence relation is defined by

Forwarding equivalence class (277 bytes)
1: A '''FEC''' ('''Forward Equivalence Class''') is a set of [[packet]]s that can be handled (...

Observational equivalence (208 bytes)

Formal equivalence (1506 bytes)
1: ... to ones which have been translated with a formal equivalence translation approach.
3: ...-for-word translation is a lay term, while formal equivalence translation is a technical term.
5: Although formal equivalence translations have some weakness in terms of [[rea...
8: ...[http://thesumners.com/bible/methods1.html Formal Equivalence (Word-for-Word)]
9: ...e_translation/glossf.htm#formalequivalence Formal Equivalence translation]

Compatibility equivalence (788 bytes)
1: '''Compatibility equivalence''' refers to a state in which two technically dis...
3: ...ition]] routines. (Compare this with [[canonical equivalence]].)
5: ...e strings that have the relation of compatibility equivalence may sometimes be considered identical, but genera...

Ricardian equivalence (1843 bytes)
1: '''Ricardian equivalence''' in [[economics]] is a controversial theory whi...
9: Ricardian Equivalence suggests that government attempts to influence de...
11: To demonstrate perfect Ricardian Equivalence in an economic model requires a number of restric...

Dynamic equivalence (1719 bytes)
1: ...harp boundary between formal equivalence, dynamic equivalence, and paraphrase; they represent rather a continuu...
3: ... formal equivalence would be more suited. Dynamic equivalence is most useful when the original language is very...
5: ...well-known [[Bible]] translation that has dynamic equivalence as its goal, although it has been criticized for ...

Graphing equivalence (3329 bytes)
1: ... of properties of mathematical concepts such as [[equivalence relation]]s and [[total product]]s as being analo...
3: The definitive properties of the equivalence relation in mathematics, including in arithmetic,...
28: The graphing of equivalence involves the Cartesian product of a set with itse...
44: ... previous properties correspond, respectively, to equivalence properties:

Equivalence relation (7225 bytes)
1: In [[mathematics]], an '''equivalence relation''' on a [[set]] ''X'' is a [[binary rela...
6: A set together with an equivalence relation is called a '''setoid'''.
8: Equivalence relations are often used to group together object...
10: == Examples of equivalence relations ==
15: * The relation of [[logical equivalence]] on statements in [[first-order logic]].

Moral equivalence (7073 bytes)
1: ...ently, the [[Israel-Palestine conflict]]. "Moral equivalence" arose as a polemic ''term-of-retort'' to "[[mora...
4: ...truggle for supremacy, would be advocating "moral equivalence."
6: ...the United States itself risked creating a "moral equivalence" when some of its actions (such as supporting the...
10: ...es as equally reprehensible of arguing for "moral equivalence."
17: ...t is Israel's actions which are creating a "moral equivalence." Aron Trauring, an Israeli peace activist, argue...

Unitary equivalence (194 bytes)
1: *For '''unitary equivalence''' of [[bounded operator]]s in [[Hilbert space]],...
2: *For '''unitary equivalence''' of [[unitary representation]]s see that page.

Equivalence principle (6109 bytes)
1: [[Einstein]]'s '''principle of equivalence''' states that the (local) effects of a gravitat...
3: ...d explains the more limited version, which is the equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass. The following...
24: ...nciated by [[Albert Einstein]], [[1907]] as the ''equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass'', is a centra...
44: In summary, the principle of equivalence entails the following assumptions:
53: ...ivity. But Einstein did not view the principle of equivalence in the way it is described in this section of the...

Substantial equivalence (2665 bytes)
1: ...lly adopted. The exact definition of "substantial equivalence" in this context is hard to pin-down and this has...
3: ...mparative data required to establish "substantial equivalence" involved "a somewhat subjective judgement" ([[Ro...
5: ... a few leading scientists criticised "substantial equivalence" for helping to play down the novelty of [[geneti...
7: ...point. However, in the United States "substantial equivalence" still plays a significant (if slightly diminishe...

Weak equivalence (697 bytes)
1: In [[mathematics]], a '''weak equivalence''' is a notion from [[homotopy theory]] which ide...
5: ...mplexes, then <math>p</math> is said to be a weak equivalence if and only if the induced maps
9: are isomorphisms. See also [[weak homotopy equivalence]].
11: ...ibration. A [[cofibration]] which is also a weak equivalence is also known as a trivial cofibration.

Canonical equivalence (520 bytes)
1: '''Canonical equivalence''' refers to the state in which two things are in...
3: ...composition]] routines. (Compare [[compatibility equivalence]].) Canonically equivalent strings always have t...

Equivalence of categories (11554 bytes)
2: '''equivalence of categories''' is a relation between two catego...
3: There are numerous examples of categorical equivalences from many
5: Establishing such an equivalence usually means to discover
13: An equivalence of categories consists of a [[functor]] between t...
16: ...but this is of much less practical use than the ''equivalence'' concept.

Logical equivalence (1239 bytes)
6: ...cal equivalence is often confused with [[material equivalence]].
8: But the material equivalence of <i>p</i> and <i>q</i> (often written "<i>p</i>...
11: Logical equivalence is sometimes denoted <i>p</i> &equiv; <i>q</i> or...
12: ...er, the latter notation is also used for material equivalence.

Formal equivalence checking (3337 bytes)
1: '''Formal equivalence checking''' is a process, used commonly during th...
9: ... verification step is needed to check the logical equivalence of the final version of the netlist to the RTL so...
11: In the past, the way to check the equivalence was to run the test cases that were developed for...
13: ...om it are the same. This process is called formal equivalence checking and is a problem that is studied under t...
15: ...re compared to the first two. Typically, a formal equivalence checking tool will also indicate with great preci...

Principle of Computational Equivalence (877 bytes)
1: The '''Principle of computational equivalence''' is one of the main ideas proposed by [[Stephen...

Mass-energy equivalence (1626 bytes)
1: ... an [[energy]] equivalence, and energy has a mass equivalence. This is expressed quantitatively using [[Albert ...
14: With the concept of mass-energy equivalence, we combine together the [[conservation of mass]]...

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